August 12 - the anniversary of the death of the nuclear submarine "Kursk", who died in 2000 in the waters of the Barents Sea. It was one of the newest and most reliable submarines. Nevertheless, killing 118 crew members. A huge number of versions of wandering in the media and still. There are absolutely crazy, and there are those who come to think over. Let us remember and appreciate them once again, including the official ...
- Version № 1. torpedo explosion. As in the case of the K-129, NATO experts strongly suggest an internal explosion on board the "Kursk". Speaking of K-141, the American military reminisce about their own tragedy May 21, 1968, occurred in the Atlantic, near the Azores, when an American submarine sank "Scorpion". Then killed 99 people. Five months later, the wreckage of the housing were obnruzhenny at a depth of 3000 meters. Report of the Commission of the Navy volume na1354 page was declassified only 24 years after the disaster, the Commission concluded that the most likely cause of death was her own boat torpedo fired by accident and took place at 180 degrees. Other experts believe that caught fire and exploded a faulty battery. Officially, the cause of the accident has not yet been announced. According to Tom Clancy is ,. what happened to "Scorpio", could happen with the "Kursk." We already know that the first explosion occurred at 11.28, and after 2 minutes 15 seconds, followed by a second, more powerful operators echolocation systems, it follows the course of the exercise on the board of two or three submarines NATO, located at a respectful distance, nearly deaf that rumble was heard at the headphones. Blast wave of the second explosion recorded seismic stations located 3,200 kilometers from the accident site. According to estimates of experts Norwegian seismological institute NORSAR, a second explosion was equivalent to the explosion of one or two tons of TNT. Moreover, the nature of the peaks and the horizontal sections of the recorded signal saying that the second explosion was actually a series of bomb blasts almost simultaneously. Not only western, but also many Russian experts suggest that could explode inside the submarine set warheads. At least two (and possibly four) of the ten sections of "Kursk" was instantly flooded, then the ship was immobilized, and the nuclear reactor is automatically muted. torpedo fired from the "Kursk" could explode at the exit of the boat. Then the first explosion - torpedo itself, second - detonated ammunition. However, the nature of the destruction on the submarine at the same time would be different. probable cause of the accident is considered a test that failed and a new type of torpedo. Suggest that it was a torpedo, rising into the air, and then re-enters the water to hit the enemy submarines, torpedoes, or a new version with a reduced noise level, equipped with rocket engines. Tuzhikov Michael does not believe in their version of the torpedo explosion: "Kursk" lying on the ground with a raised periscope, and no torpedoes at periscope depth with the Second World does not shoot. The version that the periscope could "itself" to leave from hitting the ground - idiotic. Periscope is raised hydraulically to force 150 kg per square meter. cm. If the energy is lost in the hydraulic system or a gap happen, and it happens, the periscope underits own weight falls back and breaks up in the trash. So "he" he can not get out. But most importantly - a torpedo explosion does not explain why the submarine damaged tower and coaming pad emergency escape hatch in the stern " Explosion combat torpedo attached to the rack and having a plurality of stages of protection that has caused the death of the "Kursk" is unlikely.
- Version №2. "Kursk" was sunk by an American submarine "Memphis", which released on her torpedo. former British military officer and engineer torpedoes Maurice Stradling (formerly, by the way, a key figure in the original investigation) called even mark torpedo, which the Americans had sunk "Kursk". " In all likelihood, the Kursk was sunk by an American MK-48 torpedo, "- said Mr. Stradling, a former board member of the British Ministry of Defence.Editor of the BBC BBC Nick Fraser hastened to call this statement "only lies" and refused to put on British television documentary film of the French "Kursk - a submarine in the waters of anxiety", which has already attracted a record audience - more than 4 million viewers - on French television.
- Earlier, the BBC BBC attracted Mr. Stradling as chief adviser in his 2001 documentary "What sank the Kursk?". Then he held the view that the flooding could be caused by a malfunction outdated Russian torpedo. But now Stradling, who also took part in the shooting of a French documentary, said: "At that time, in 2001, the film Bi-bi-si was quite acceptable in view of the facts that were known to us then, as we understand them, and then we had no idea the possible involvement of a third party. "
- A new explanation of the reasons for the flooding of "Kursk" is based on the detected hole in the side of the vessel and the evidence of the presence of submarines the United States in the same area at the same time when the "Kursk" sank. In the French film has footage of "Kursk" raised out of the water, where it is distinctly seen round smooth hole in the right side of the ship. And the edge of the hole clearly bent inward vessel, which is consistent with the fact that the attack on the outside of the submarine. American military power in the French documentary also states that such an opening is "firm" clue impact American MK-48 torpedo, which has the ability to run like clockwork through the steel casing vessel thanks to a special mechanism on the nose of the torpedo, which ignites and melts the copper.
A Some American experts even argue that such a hole - a kind of trademark of the American torpedo MK-48.
- According to the version of the French documentary film-makers, the attack occurred when two American submarines, "Toledo" and "Memphis", secretly tracked "Kursk". Then the "Toledo" bumped into "Kursk", while the Russian submarine opened its torpedo chamber, which resulted in an attack by "Memphis" which protects damage "Toledo" during the retreat of the last reverse.
Moreover, in the course of search and rescue operations until such time as the situation is not controlled by the authorities, the media leaked information, which is not far from the place of death of the "Kursk" were found light green rescue buoys, although the Russians use only white-red. Another indication of the plausibility of this version is a welcome signal for help, who took cruiser "Peter the Great", 13-14 August. And if the original rescuers hoped that these signals are sent to the "Kursk", then later, after decoding, it became clear that they came with a foreign submarine (they were submitted to mechanical transducer, and Russian submarines are not used). And posthumous note submarine captain clearly indicates that at this time the ship had no one who could ask for help.
- It should also be noted that at the time when searching for the submarine alarm was raised by two anti-aircraft squadrons, the pilots found oil stains left by another submarine. It is clear that suspicion immediately fell on the British and Americans, whose submarines were in the same place. But if the British zealously defended his innocence, demanding that the Russians evidence that Americans were more subdued, as if they had something to hide. And it's true that it was: on the seabed guard rescuers found the conning tower, which is usually installed on American submarines. Thus, from the very beginning it was very clear until the authorities did their best to mislead the civilian population.
then the true cause of the sinking of the "Kursk", it is stated in the film, was hidden by a diplomatic agreement between the then two presidents Bill Clinton and Vladimir Putin . The deal included the cancellation of Russia's debt amounting to $ 10 billion.
Here's the movie:- The crew of the "Kursk" shortly before the fatal campaign.
- Version №3 According to the Canadian television History Channel, during the surveillance of the "Kursk" "Toledo" tried to get closer, but accidentally collided with the Russian Premier League, may perform the maneuver. Captain "Memphis", thinking that the "Kursk" attacked "Toledo" (presumably received acoustic signal the opening of the torpedo locks), shot by the Russian submarine. According to "Lieutenant Colonel Andrei", "small submarine AS-15 (apparently , refers to one of the Premier League, "Sperm Whale" (Project 1910) - Ed.) after the disaster quickly discovered the "Kursk." But there was no decision on the rescue operation - although, according to the source, the divers on board were able to operate at a depth of up to 200 meters. "Kursk" was lying at a depth of 108 meters. "Sperm whales" are among the most secret of the Russian Navy boats. To this day really do not know whether they obey the command of the sea. At least until 1986 (at the time the first submarine this type went for three years), they were listed under the GRU. "We thought that the crew was killed, there was no contact with them - continues the story of Lieutenant Colonel. - When I was cooking Korabel'nikova coffee, the phone rang. Command pale, listened and murmured: "I will in a moment." "These American (...) flooded our ship, you know? There will be war, there will be war!" - allegedly said Korabel'nikov. Naturally, both versions of the American side rejected. In fact, around the American involvement in the incident and the whole mess brewed. Against this background, began to be forgotten that in the area of exercise and even attended a British boat, supposedly "Splendid" (Splendid). In 1986, she is faced with a Soviet submarine "Simbirsk", and in 1999 struck at Serbia, and its supposedly frightened surfaced in the Mediterranean "Kursk." After the explosion at the "Kursk" submarine, confusing traces left for repairs to NATO base. And one of them is supposed to be during the day fighting for survival in the hundred meters from lying on the bottom of the "Kursk" giving signals "SOS". That fact of the presence of the two boats in the area of the crash, along with the coordination of positions on force majeure between Moscow , Washington and London, is supposed to be able to serve as a reason for delaying the rescue operation for rescuing the victims agonizing death of Russian sailors. Interestingly track down the movements of the Americans after the incident failed, but the situation with the British nuclear submarine has not been clarified. Perhaps the public interest deliberately taken to the side of the Americans ... The idea that the possible involvement of "Splendid" in the death of the "Kursk", worried about the British. In there the version of "Wikipedia" in the page on this boat, made a very extensive retreat. It argues that there is no relationship to the death of a British nuclear submarine Russian boats had. "Though the charges were unfounded, the conspiracy theorists have developed them in a variety of ways for a long time" - said in English "Wikipedia". Indeed, as early as 2000 "Nezavisimaya Gazeta" published an opinion of one of the captains, divers, according to which, the submarine "Splendid" laid to rest next to the "Kursk" at the bottom of the Barents Sea, and was blown up during the operation to raise the Russian boats. The author suggested that soon we will hear about the death or retirement of the Premier League. In October 2000, according to the BBC, 12 nuclear submarines (including all submarine "Swiftsure") were removed from combat duty because of a leak in the cooling system of a nuclear reactor of class submarines Trafalgar. How many boats then returned to the system - is not precisely known.According to the catalog, "Jane", our "heroine" was decommissioned in 2004. Although it was the last in a row and the newest boat project "Swiftsure" (there are six), scrapped for some reason she went first.seems that back in 2003 this boat, according to British sources, which are based exclusively on the two small reportage BBC, "worked" against targets in Iraq. Incidentally, one of these materials present a very curious image: a sailor takes "Jolly Roger" with obviously wrecked logging "Splendid".
- Version № 4. Another version, which does not hold water - is a version of a landmine during the war.Indeed, the mines of World War II are still being felt, especially in the Nordic Seas. Chief of Staff of the Northern Fleet, Vice-Admiral Mikhail Motsak said that only in recent years found nine such mines. And yet, according to experts, the explosive force booby slingshot would not be enough for such a serious injury boats having protivoledovoy protection, rugged of magnetic steel (about 40 mm), lasting ballast tank and lightweight body (10-15 mm) perforated rubber. It is very easy to refute. Firstly, damage which remain from these munitions have a characteristic shape, which confused with something else is simply impossible. And if indeed it happened, no other versions simply would not have arisen. Secondly, mine those times could cause serious damage to the boat so that the immediate cause of her death. In addition, polygons, where training exercises are used for such purposes for decades, they have been repeatedly updated, so to say, that there is still possible to find a mine, you can not. Moreover, the "Kursk" is equipped with a "path minoiskaniya." Thus, this version does not match the reality.
- Version № 5. Sabotage. This version is more speculation by some media. Theoretically, if the explosive high power lay in the area of the bulkhead separating the first compartment from the second, the rapid flooding of two compartments volume is quite real. Do not hide the fact that it was most likely the external enemy, put the bomb in the hope that a catastrophe of this size will force the Russian government to refuse to renew the naval presence in the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf, as well as the impact on the activity of the nuclear submarine fleet Russia in the World Ocean. Russia in the twentieth century has built more than half of all nuclear submarines in the world. In 60-80. Soviet fleet has grown rapidly and could compete with the American. But to date, the overall status of the Russian Navy is truly catastrophic, and normal maintenance and operation of the nuclear fleet is very expensive. So that such diversion is hardly the case as much more effective financial and economic impact. This may also include and "Chechen trace". Arrived Russian FSB director Patrushev said on August 24 that "Kursk" were two people from Dagestan, the employees of the plant "Dagdizel" producing engines for submarines. According to Patrushev, the FSB, the first days of collecting information on them, but "there are no data on their possible involvement in the collapse of yet," On the same day, representatives of the Federal Security Service said that they had no questions to experts from Dagestan. Loading missiles
- Version № 6. PE in the first compartment
in the case of the "Kursk" talked a lot about the damage and short circuit faults, which could lead to a cascade failure of all equipment and vehicle systems, such as happened with the boat "Komsomolets", who died in the Norwegian Sea in April 1989.
general in the history of Soviet and Russian nuclear fleet submarine accidents (not counting the "Kursk"), killing about 500 people. According to statistics, the submarine sank often after exercise or at the end of long trips. The main cause of the fires were. However, fires - it is rather a design basis accidents, personnel must know how to remove them. But if
Design miscalculation ... But in the case of the "Kursk" can not have nothing to say about the design rendering. Submarines of this project been in operation for several years and have no serious complaints.Although this version will be checked.
PE in the first compartment could happen due to the fault of the crew. Possible error crew that caused flooding, stated repeatedly, especially the Western media.
course, the human factor plays an important role, accidents on submarines may arise as a result of negligence, neglect their duties any of the crew or the people who created the
boat.
But Here is the opinion of Victor Rysakova first commander of the "Kursk": "I personally took away these people on the ship ... In 1994, tests showed a great boat, doing every imaginable and unimaginable maneuvers. And the story of a collision with a surface vessel, I think delusional. We know also that the periscope was raised. If so, then the commander could not help noticing
the approaching danger. Something happened inside: a blast weapons or explosion of the battery. Now on board people that I personally took away the ship. All of them have been trained in the training center in Obninsk and at the factory. Baigarin, Silogava, Rudakov, Keslinsky, Borisov, Gorbunov, Kozaderov ... experienced, persistent submariners. Those on the "Kursk" a lot. So you can shove up your ass comments about psychologists hysterics and stupor - strong people will not allow this.
Crew was recognized as one of the best in the Northern Fleet at the end of last school year. Most of those who knew the crew and the boat talking about the accident as an "exceptional" circumstances.
known that the probability of an accident on the ALP increases when the fatigue factor affecting the crew.But fatigue Crew K-141 is unlikely - the exercises were short-lived.
Basically the probability that in the case of "Kursk" cause of the accident was any fault of the crew, is small, but if they are not presented evidence of other releases, this version can be dominant. After all, the crew will not be able to answer ...
- Version № 7. «Kursk" sunk by a missile is a very controversial one: "Kursk" sunk by a torpedo (missile), released in time exercises with another Russian submarine (ship). Accidentally, inadvertently. This is the most "bulky object or mine", which officials say. And then the ammunition exploded. Here's how to interpret this version of "Moscow News" under the heading "How to kill" Kursk " "In the course of journalistic investigation, we have new compelling evidence that the cause of death of K-141 was the Russian superraketa system" Granite "... ... new missile launch after flying over the with water and with a special homing seeking goal - the submarine. Once an object is found, the missile dives into the water and hit him. " Then explains how reporters learned that the missile firing carried out on schedule: from 2 to 12 August.Everything was going fine. The last day was last run. "rocket, flying about 20 kilometers into the water.Instruments recorded explosion. "Yes, we have seen and without instruments - visually, it's all been within sight - told participants in the trial to our correspondent. - Here is the second blast in the same place at first puzzled. Then someone suggested that it was blown up some charge as part of the naval exercises.And everybody calmed down. " With regard to underwater divers, in the opinion of "Moscow News", they are. "They were brought to the scene of the tragedy in the sea almost immediately after the terrible discovery. Plane. One - with the Black Sea Fleet, the second - from the Pacific. And they immediately started to dive. But divers were not engaged in the rescue of the crew of the submarine, did not try to open the escape hatch, did not attempt to establish communication with the survivors. They have not even studied the damage to the submarine (which is why no one really knew what the roll of the boat, how many compartments flooded - initially all these data were taken "from the ceiling") ... ... Divers several times a day down to the bottom of a diving vessel "Altai . " After each lift head of the search and rescue operations of the Northern Fleet Teslenko helicopter flew to the "Peter the Great" - Fleet Commander Popov reported on the results of " "... At the scene of the tragedy was not allowed even our rescue from the MOE. Only the military! " August 16 at eight in the evening was made a formal declaration of readiness to accept foreign aid. Okay, but what kind of mast standing observers to see the underwater explosion with the naked eye? And for what purpose were being fired? And most importantly, what a seeker looking for divers after two explosions high power? If they could look for something (in the case of their actual residence at the site where the "Kursk"), so this evidence after the collision of "Kursk" with any object, underwater or above water. As assured in the Northern Fleet, during these exercises Accuracy held anti-aircraft missiles and warheads which are loaded with ready fragmentation elements. This missile is undermined in the air. Even a direct hit by anti-aircraft missiles can not penetrate the hull. Especially that the boat was at a depth, albeit relatively small.
- Version № 8. Deliberate flooding? During rescue operations became clear another item that adds an unexpected twist in the death of K-141, but hardly clarifies the circumstances. The fact that the submarine "Kursk" to be flooded during exercises, Military News Agency reported more May 11, 2000. Message was: "... in July - August in the Northern Fleet will host students today ie emergency search of naval forces to assist" sunken "nuclear boat. Teaching plan has been prepared and approved by the Office of the search and rescue operations of the Navy ... In accordance with the scenario of a nuclear submarine exercises as a result of "an accident" must lie on the ground, and rescue vessel "Michael Rudnicki" (Project 05360) will provide access to the surface "of the affected crew . " The rise of people with more than one hundred meters depth will be performed using a special rescue " bell. " However, in a further report Military News Agency depth "more than a hundred meters" shall be replaced by 25 meters. Participants exercises using personal equipment submariner, leave the boat through the torpedo tubes and rise to the surface by the free ascent. " It was emphasized that such exercises have not been conducted for many years due to lack of funds and skills out of the sunken submarine through the torpedo crews worked through in a specially designed pool simulator. Already after the accident, August 16, the editor of the Agency Rudenko said that current extraordinary events really are almost identical to the published plan exercises, but this "terrible coincidence"
- Version № 9. Collision with surface ship versions of the collision of "Kursk" submarine with a certain object is constantly changing. First conjectured collision with the nuclear-powered icebreaker or freighter. But how could it be a civilian vessel in the area of the exercise? Theoretically, exercise area is always closed to the civil courts, although in practice there are cases where someone from the courts "wander" into the restricted area. Do none of the dozens of warships participating in the exercises, have not found an unexpected guest? In the St. Petersburg office of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" during a rescue call from a man who wished to remain anonymous. He said only that worked for many years in the Northern Fleet, providedsonar surface ships and submarines. Here is his opinion: "Damage ragged nature suggests that the submarine" Kursk "on ascent ran into the keel of a surface ship, took part in the exercises. Submariners know that sometimes when you ascend a situation arises where the submarine sonar "does not see" what is on the surface. Machinery and people nothing to do with blame special conditions of sound propagation in the sea, for example, after a storm. I myself was once on a boat that floated just a few meters from the ship. " Experts say that with such a heavy collision surface ship receives minimal damage, which, in principle, have almost no influence on the general condition. A majority of the crew may not notice that the cruiser to iron boat, especially at sea for more than 3 points. Version controversial because such a collision has occurred almost within sight of the other participants in the exercises. Is this true or speculation, remains to be seen. To do this, you should at least explore the dry dock bottom heavy shipbuilders who participated in the exercise.
- Version number 10 The first explosion, as some national experts, it could have come from a collision with a German mine from World War II-type EMC or EMF. In particular, the calculations and simulations show that the undermining of mines with a mass of 300-350 kg warhead could theoretically lead to the formation of holes in the pressure hull of the boat. It is likely that the detonation of ammunition at the same time would not have happened. Single undermining sea mines for submarine tonnage of such great danger in the current situation, obviously not, but the first compartment of the submarine in this case began to fill the tanks with seawater. Housing separate torpedoes are in the compartment can be accessed by undermining the Premier League on a mine mechanical damage (they can be reset with the basic rack). Probably any violation of strength or integrity of the seal assemblies Fence-drain devices and safety valves of nitrogen torpedoes. seawater That could lead to unauthorized launch single-use batteries torpedoes damaged buildings located in the first compartment on the shelves or in the torpedo tubes. And this situation is already potentially dangerous. In this case, hydrogen evolution begins and the temperature rise inside the battery, and the reaction proceeds exponentially, with ever-increasing speed, which can eventually lead to an explosion. The simulation results showed that the time interval from the beginning of the adverse events before the explosion could reach up to about 3 minutes. Can not be ruled out until the end, and that these circumstances could lead to a subsequent detonation of ammunition and almost instantaneous destruction of the boat and crew. Thus, it is briefly as follows: the undermining of a mine (first explosion) - mechanical damage torpedoes - chemical reaction - the explosion and almost simultaneous detonation of ammunition (second explosion). Today, this hypothesis explains a lot, links together disparate, conflicting data.Launching
- The official version. According to this document, the cause of death of the submarine has been leaked hydrogen peroxide from the torpedo SS-N-16 (according to the American classification). In Soviet times it was held under the heading "Item number 398", and now in the Russian Navy is known under the code 65-76. However, the sailors called it "Keith", and the command - "Tolstoy" because, according to Dorogina, it really looks like the barrel-shaped (diameter torpedo - 650 mm). C "Whale" always an emergency. The fact that this type of torpedo moving through a chemical reaction (reactants - hydrogen peroxide and kerosene). It is known that hydrogen peroxide is easily decomposed into atomic oxygen and water. A atomic oxygen - one of the best oxidants. But problems with such an oxidant is more than enough - such peroxide concentrations may even decompose spontaneously. And catching atomic oxygen oxidizes and destroys the inside of the vessel wall with peroxide. Roughly the same thing happened with "Keith", which was in the first section of the "Kursk". Rather peroxide PROELA outer wall torpedo and entered into chemical reaction with the organic lubricant. Because of this, and there was a first, a thermal explosion, which threw into the bay about 2 tons of a mixture of peroxide and kerosene. Naturally, this mixture immediately exploded. "Even the regular F-1 grenade, or" pineapple ", in which only 75 grams of explosives, destroying everything within a radius of 20 meters, - says Dorogin. - Now imagine the effect of two tons of explosives in a confined space. I saw the breech is located near the site of the explosion of the torpedo tube. It is made of fine steel having a thickness of 40 mm and is initially strongly curved towards the compartment.Now, imagine that this explosion breech turned inside out and literally shoved into the machine. " first compartment was killed instantly. Those that have survived the second compartment, flatten out when the rest of the torpedo detonated.
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